高级血脂检测:优点和局限性

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介绍

以总胆固醇(TC),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和甘油三酯为(TG)代表的常规血脂检测是公认的心血管疾病(CVD)风险预测和管理平台 。 尽管常规血脂检测的临床实用性已被证明可用于风险管理,但在一级和二级预防人群中仍未解决重大的CVD事件负担。 脂质载于大小、密度、电荷、核心脂质组成、特定载脂蛋白和功能都不相同的脂蛋白颗粒中。1已经开发了多种脂蛋白检测方法,其根据性质例如大小、密度或电荷将脂蛋白颗粒细分。 这些高级脂蛋白检测(ALT)分析方法已被提议用于改善CVD风险评估并指导降脂治疗。

尽管从ALT检测中获得了大量信息,但还不清楚如何将其与常规血脂检测联系起来(例如补充或替代常规血脂)。新的生物标志物在临床应用前必须满足一定的要求,包括标准化和可比性、可接近性、在不超载数据的情况下传递新的信息、具有明确的适应症、改善临床管理和患者预后、经验证的成本效益。由于脂蛋白代谢途径是高度相互关联的,ALT的主要挑战之一是以合理的成本找到有效且适用的ALT检测情况。 通过在两个检测之间存在分歧(不一致),可以更好地理解与旧标准相比新检测的临床后果。2, 3 由于这是一个简短的回顾,因此我们将在这里重点介绍最有前途的ALT测试,以进行潜在的临床应用。

LDL替代检测措施

载脂蛋白B (ApoB) 和LDL颗粒数量 (LDL-P)

极低密度脂蛋白(VLVL)、中间密度脂蛋白(IDL)和低密度脂蛋白颗粒(LDL)颗粒是相互关联的代谢链中的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白。 这些颗粒中的每一个都带有一个载脂蛋白B100(apoB)分子,这使它们成为含apoB的脂蛋白。 肝脏分泌的VLDL-P是下游产生其他颗粒的起点。 在脂肪酶和转移酶的顺序作用下,VLDL-P减少了其甘油三酸酯的含量,减小了其尺寸,并增加了其密度,从而使VLDL、IDL和LDL颗粒变小。

在这些颗粒中,LDL颗粒与动脉粥样硬化的发生和CVD事件有着更为密切和独立的关系。此外,较小的LDL颗粒大小似乎与CVD呈正相关,这并不一定是因为小LDL天生比大LDL更易致动脉粥样硬化,而是因为LDL体积小的患者也有更多的LDL-P。4 由于每个LDL颗粒所携带的胆固醇量的差异可能超过两倍,5, 6 在某些情况下,通过LDL-C估算LDL-P浓度可能会产生误导。这在糖尿病、代谢综合征、高甘油三酯血症和低HDL-C的患者中尤为明显,7-10 由于它们的LDL颗粒携带较少的胆固醇和更多的甘油三酯,因此LDL-C可能低估了LDL-P。

当前,LDL-P可以直接通过超速离心、核磁共振波谱(NMR)或通过差分离子迁移率分析进行定量。11 ApoB在空腹状态下大部分(〜90%)携带在LDL颗粒内;12 因此,apoB浓度也是LDL-P或总动脉粥样硬化颗粒浓度的良好估计。 另一方面,非HDL-C(计算为总胆固醇减去HDL-C)反映了所有含apoB的颗粒中的胆固醇,可以从常规血脂检测中轻松获得,并且通常比LDL-C更好地预测风险 。13, 14 一些研究发现,与LDL-C或非HDL-C相比,载脂蛋白B的风险评估更好,15 但其他研究发现,apoB和非HDL-c的风险预测相似。16 同样,LDL-C和非HDL-C相比,可能提供更好的风险预测,17 但是这种类型的分析不能解决测试的重叠信息,最好通过净重分类指数或统计测试来区分

新兴危险因素协作小组发现,在一般人群中,向包含常规危险因素的危险评分中添加apoB,apoA-I或Lp(a)只能稍微改善(<1%)重新分类,18 与之前在健康女性人群中使用apoB或LDL-P的结果相似。19 然而,在检测结果与LDL-C不一致的患者中,非HDL-C、apoB或LDL-P对CVD风险的鉴别可能更好20, 21 (图1)。

LP(a)

Lp(a) 是LDL的修饰形式,其apoB分子与称为apo(a)的大糖蛋白形成二硫键。 Lp(a) 是一种公认的独立于LDL-C或其他危险因素的CVD危险因素,可能是因果关系的,它具有一定程度的风险增量22。 一些研究表明,当>Lp(a)高时,LDL-C的降低更为积极,而当Lp(a)高时,他汀类药物在降低心血管疾病风险方面更为有效。23

ALT措施对检测或管理“剩留风险”有用吗?

图1:LDL替代检测措施

高级血脂检测:优点和局限性-第1张图片-爱来健康

经他汀类药物治疗的患者中的风险仍然很高,被称为“残留风险”(图1)。 就相对风险而言,经他汀类药物治疗患者中约有70-80%仍会发生CVD事件。 就绝对风险而言,他汀类药物试验的荟萃分析结果显示,在随机临床试验中,接受他汀类药物治疗的有CVD史的患者五年随访期间发生的主要CVD事件发生率为21.7%(五分之一),无CVD史的患者发生率为9.5%(十分之一)。24 R残留风险与LDL-C、非HDL-C、apoB、脂蛋白(a)和炎性生物标志物高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)的治疗水平相关。 23, 25, 26 在最近的荟萃分析中,非HDL-C治疗组与apoB或LDL-C治疗组相比,CVD事件的关联性更强。27


指导性建议

加拿大心血管学会和美国临床内分泌学协会建议将apoB作为LDL-C的替代物用于他汀类药物治疗,或作为高风险患者的治疗目标。28, 29 美国国家脂质协会(NLA)建议,ApoB、LDL-P或Lp(a)可用于临床风险评估或他汀类药物治疗,用于有心血管疾病中等风险、有冠心病(CHD)或类似疾病、有早发CHD家族史或复发事件的患者。30 而2013年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会(ACC/AHA)指南未针对apoB、LDL-P或Lp(a)发布任何建议并指出缺乏针对这些措施的随机试验证据以及将非HDL-C作为治疗目标。31 欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会(EAS)建议,对于患有中或高度CVD风险的患者,应考虑检测Lp(a)。32 美国疾病控制和预防中心的血脂检测包括常规血脂、ApoB和ApoA-I,但不包括Lp(a)。33

尽管有一些专家组提出了建议,但基于ApoB和LDL-P的LDL-C以外的“现实世界”风险评估和管理的下游后果尚不确定。 因此,ApoB、LDL-P和Lp(a)是有前途的ALT生物标志物,但在解决了特定适应症,参考目标和相关的成本效益问题之前,目前不建议将它们作为CVD风险评估和管理的常规工具。

HDL检测替代措施

虽然HDL-C是CVD风险的一个强有力的反向指标,但这尚未转化为临床效益。鉴于HDL结构和功能的极端异质性,仅检测HDL的胆固醇含量最多只能部分反映HDL在CVD风险评估和治疗药物开发中的潜在作用。这引起了人们对发展高密度脂蛋白指标的兴趣,这些指标可能更好地表明高密度脂蛋白的动脉粥样硬化保护功能。建议的检测包括ApoA-I、HDL颗粒数(HDL-P)、平均粒径、亚组分和功能分析。34

载脂蛋白A-I (ApoA-I)

ApoA-I约占HDL蛋白质量的65%,通过免疫比浊法或散射免疫比浊法检测。除少数研究(如病例对照AMORIS研究)外,35 大多数研究都在考虑了HDL-C之后发现ApoA-I与CVD风险无关。36-39 当与ApoB结合使用时,与常规血脂检测的各个参数相比,一些研究支持ApoB/ApoA-I比率可以更好地预测CVD风险。40尽管如此,ApoB/apoA-I比值在预测心血管病风险方面的价值与TC/HDL-C比值相当,19, 41 并没有比TC和HDL-C大大增加风险分类或辨别力。18, 41

HDL 颗粒数量 (HDL-P)

在其他HDL指标中,HDL颗粒(HDL-P)的数量在CVD预防中具有潜在的实用性。前只能通过核磁共振(NMR)光谱和离子迁移率分析进行测量。大多数研究, 除了马尔默癌症与饮食研究,42 已经基于NMR方法。迄今为止,在将HDL-P与HDL-C进行比较的9项研究中,两个研究19, 48除外的所有42-49 研究发现HDL-P在预测CVD方面可与HDL-C相当或更好。动脉粥样硬化多民族研究(MESA)和他汀类药物用于预防的安慰剂组的数据:一项评估瑞舒伐他汀(JUPITER)的干预试验显示,在调整HDL-P后,HDL-C不再预测CVD,而HDL-P在调整HDL-C后仍与CVD呈负相关。44, 46

欧洲诺福克癌症和营养前瞻性研究的研究者也报告了类似的发现。45 正如JUPITER瑞舒伐他汀治疗组的数据所表明的那样,HDL-P在靶向残留CVD方面也可能具有潜在价值,特别是对于一级预防而言,HDL-P而不是HDL-C可以反向预测CVD。44 但是,在二级预防心脏保护研究中,辛伐他汀和安慰剂组的HDL-P和HDL-C与CHD的关联程度相似。47

HDL 大小和亚组分

在不同亚组分功能不一样的前提下,HDL亚组分也被提出用于风险分层,并且ALT亚组分分类方法根据HDL亚组分不同的物理或化学属性来量化HDL大小和/或亚组分。34 最近,通过密度梯度超速离心(VAP)方法评估的HDL3-C亚组分显示出改善风险分层的前景。50

最近的共识声明为HDL大小亚组分提出了一种新的统一命名法,该术语统一了从各种分级方法获得的HDL大小数据,从而增强了未来研究的可比性。 此术语根据其大小和密度将HDL颗粒分为五个不同的亚组分(非常大、很大、中等、很小和非常小)。34 这五个亚组分似乎与冠心病风险差异相关。51 最后,HDL大小与心血管风险的潜在临床相关性可能取决于HDL大小被修改的机制。

局限性

目前ALT的局限性包括:1)各种检测提供的信息缺乏标准化和可比性;2)特别是在成本和专业知识可用性方面缺乏可获得性;3)关于ALT指标的证据和共识,这些指标提供了经证实的临床益处;后一点不可避免地排除了对常规血脂检测成本效益的论证。11

结论

ALT检测有可能扩大脂蛋白靶向预防CVD的作用,特别是在与LDL-C不一致和他汀类药物治疗后残留风险的情况下(图1)。然而,由于缺乏ALT的A级证据,目前的预防指南仍以常规血脂检测为基准。未来的研究除了应对ALT在临床实践中的局限性外,还应评估ALT在CVD预防和管理中的潜在范围。

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标签: 高级血脂检测 LDL-P ApoB LP(a) vap+血脂亚组分检测

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